DEFINITIONAL ARGUMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

DEFINITIONAL ARGUMENT - Essay Example The criteria that constitute murder are complex. Within this context of understanding, murder has been understood as, â€Å"to kill or slaughter inhumanly or barbarously† (â€Å"Dictionary.com†). Within this context of understanding, murder constitutes the killing of one human by another in an inhuman or barbarous way. The challenge then becomes determining what constitutes ‘barbarous’. One such understanding in these regards is that barbarous behavior constitutes that with is uncivil or out of the realms of regular human actions. In this area of understanding, the subject of assisted suicide can be classified as constituting murder. The nature of assisted suicide is such that one human acts to kill another human. Furthermore, the nature of such an act is both uncivil and out of the realm of regular human action. It follows that assisted suicide, which contains both a human killing another human, and is out of the realm of regular human action, constitutes murder. Ultimately actions, such as those taken by Dr. Jack Kevorkian, constitute murder and should be punished as such. While the criterion of murder has been argued to contain within it the act of assisted suicide, there are many counter-arguments that exist to this contention. Earlier the nature of murder has been understood as occurring when a human kills another human in a barbarous or inhuman way. The notion that assisted suicide constitutes murder hinges on the notion that assisting another human to kill himself or herself is a barbarous of inhuman act. While assisting another human in suicide falls under the criteria of one human killing another, it does not necessarily constitute a barbarous or inhuman act. Oftentimes individual find themselves in situations where they are experiencing tremendous pain that restricts them for continuing their life in an enjoyable way. Similarly, it’s possible for an

Legal Ethics Healthcare Essay Example for Free

Legal Ethics Healthcare Essay The legal concept of vicarious liability and the Doctrine of Respondeat Superior occurs when the employee commits a tort or civil wrong within the scope of employment and the employer is held liable although the master may have done nothing wrong( Regan 2002). Physicians and other healthcare providers need to be aware of this doctrine in the supervision of their staff and their day-to-day medical practice. The legal relationship between an employer and an employee is called agency. The employer is called the principal when engaging someone to act for him. The person who does the work for the employer is called the agent. The theory behind respondeat superior is that the principal controls the agents behavior and must then assume some responsibility for the agents actions (Phelps Lehman 2005). Most medical malpractice suits are filed as result of negligence (ie, a type of tort or civil wrong) Negligence is defined by what a reasonably prudent person would or would not do in the same or similar circumstance. Negligence can result from the individual medical provider or from some type of agency relationship that exists between two or more health care providers. In general, when we discuss the relationship between agency and malpractice, we refer to the concept of vicarious liability and the Doctrine of Respondeat Superior ( Columbia 2000). In the context of medical malpractice a negligence action is often precipitated by a bad outcome. Numerous cases have involved the concept of vicarious liability and the Doctrine of Respondeat Superior as a successful cause of a medically negligent action. Recent changes in the health care system may contribute to additional causes of action being recognized. As managed care has moved to the forefront of health care, many medical providers have left independent practice and become employees of large health care organizations (HMOs) or hospitals. Some medical providers have formed their own business with health care extenders who perform many of the services previously provided by the medical provider. As a result, HMOs and hospitals have become employers of medical providers, and medical providers have become employers of their health care extenders (Regan 2002). In the past, the relationship with the patient and extensive documentation in the medical record were the most important elements in preventing malpractice litigation. These efforts, while important, may have less of an effect in the evolving health care climate. With these changes, principles of agency and vicarious liability may become increasingly important in evaluating malpractice liability. Both the negligence of a health care employee employed by an individual medical provider and the negligence of an individual medical provider employed by a health care company have given rise to successful malpractice suits. The Doctrine of Respondeat Superior is one to weigh carefully by both plaintiffs and defendants in their current practice of law and medicine. References: Malpractice. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 2000. http://kids.infoplease.lycos.com/ipd/A0401963.html Raines v Mercer, 55 5W2d 263, 264 (Tenn 1932) Regan, J. , Regan, W. (2002, May). Medical malpractice and respondeat superior. (Review Articles). Southern Medical Journal, 95(5), 545-549. Retrieved January 23, 2013, from Nursing and Allied Health Collection via Gale: http://find.galegroup.com.proxy.davenport.edu/nrcx/start.do?prodId=NRC Respondeat Superior. (2005). In S. Phelps J. Lehman (Eds.), Wests Encyclopedia of American Law (2nd ed., Vol. 8, pp. 334-336). Detroit: Gale. Retrieved from http://go.galegroup.com.proxy.davenport.edu/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CCX3437703788v=2.1u=lom_davenportcit=rp=GVRLsw=w

Impact of Policy on Same-Sex Couples

Impact of Policy on Same-Sex Couples Same-Sex Marriages Executive Summary The public policy explored in this analysis will include section one from the family code titles, marriage relationship. This issue is more prevalent than most would imagine. In 1990 the American bureau of census reported 145,130 same-gender unmarried couples living together. That number is reported to have increased to 594,691 by the year 2000 (Pawelski et al., 2006). According to President Bush, it is up to the individual state to determine any â€Å"legal arrangements other than marriage†. This leaves the definition of marriage up to the individual governments. It is essential to define the different unions as well as have a strong understanding of the implications of each within the state of Texas. According to Bogenschnider, Theory of Paradox consists of three camps that view issues from different angles. The concerned camp tends to be more conservative with their views on the family. It also strives to protect the traditional family values. The sanguine camp is more concerned with the welfare of the children, as well as the individual rights of people of all sexual orientations. The impatient camp seeks progress and respects all members of the community regardless of the concern for the traditional family values. The concerned camp views same-sex marriage as an insult to the historical family unit and the foundations from which the family system was derived. This group is concerned with the research indicating that many stressors responsible for creating significant amount of anxiety and distress for those in the homosexual relationships. This camp is also concerned that regardless of their lifestyle homosexual individuals are still required to â€Å"conform† to traditional heterosexual family styles in order to adopt, regardless of the findings. (I don’t understand this sentence, regardless of what findings?) The teenagers facing their homosexual lifestyle were also found to be more at risk for negative behaviors, including substance abuse and suicide. The concerned camp desires to see the traditional family unit remain intact for the welfare of all individuals, especially the children. The sanguine camp views recent family changes positively as indicators of the capacity of families to adapt to new environments rather than symptoms of decline. The sanguine camp considers the positive results of these family changes for individuals, especially women. The sanguine camp contends that children have the capacity to overcome the emotional upheaval and long term consequences of divorce. They tend to focus on people who have thrived in the midst of family change. The sanguine camp regards marriage, commitment and nurturance as unchanging core American values no matter what. Contenders of this view declare that the dramatic changes in the last quarter century were not about family value but about norms and standards regarding appropriate or inappropriate behavior. For example, cohabitation before marriage became common and one of four children born outside of marriage but majority still want to be married. Regarding policy-making, the greatest concern for the sanguine camp is individual freedom. They want to keep the American core values and establish the institutional supports to help families during rapid changes. The impatient camp acknowledges the change and growth in the diversity of alternative families and their structure. Qualitative research is respected and much of the evidence regarding childrens behavioral and cognitive outcomes incorporates teacher responses along with parent responses. The research supports the changes towards same-sex marriage and welcomes significant positive research findings that support their cause. This camp suggests that families do face challenges, but ultimately have numerous opportunities to demonstrate their resilience though this alternative lifestyle. The recognition of same-sex marriages would alleviate significant amount of stress from those families who are a part of a homosexual partnership. The recognition of this partnership would allow for society to also recognize the partnership leading to a more accepted perspective. The children in these families, as demonstrated by the research results, remain near the average mark in development. However, they continue to have difficulty comprehending and accepting the lifestyle affecting their emotional and social developments. State of Texas can alleviate this stress for these individuals by recognizing these same-sex marriages and providing the same right to homosexual couples that it safeguards for heterosexual individuals. Providing this recognition will allow for all families in the state of Texas to have the same resources, rights, and privileges creating a stronger, more united state, community, and families. Public Policy Project: Same-sex Marriages The public policy explored in this analysis will include section one from the family code titles, marriage relationship. This issue is more prevalent than most would imagine. In 1990 the American bureau of census reported 145,130 same-gender unmarried couples living together . That number is reported to have increased to 594,691 by the year 2000 (Pawelski et al., 2006). According to President Bush, it is up to the individual state to determine any â€Å"legal arrangements other than marriage†. This leaves the definition of marriage up to the individual governments. It is essential to define the different unions as well as have a strong understanding of the implications of each within the state of Texas (question 1). A civil union is a legal mechanism, sanctioned by civil authority, intended to grant same-sex couples legal status somewhat similar to civil marriage. In the United States, civil unions have been established only in Vermont, Massachusetts, and Connecticut. In theses tates, same-sex couples are granted the same state-level rights, benefits, and protections as those granted to heterosexual married couples. No other states recognize civil unions. As such, same-sex couples considered to be legally united in either of those states are treated as single individuals when they cross into other states. A domestic partnership is a relationship between two individuals, often but not necessarily of the same gender, who live together and mutually support one another as spouses but who are not legally joined in a civil marriage or a civil union. Some same-sex couples enter into domestic partnership agreements to create legally enforceable contracts involving property, finances, inheritance, and/or health care. Domestic partnerships do not reach the same legal threshold as civil unions or civil marriages and, accordingly, do not afford couples the rights, benefits,and protections of civil marriage (Pawelski et al., 2006). The definitions are helpful but in the state of Texas any same-sex unions/marriages are banned. Protecting the sanctity of life and marriage at the 79th Texas state Congress 2005, Texans voted on a constitutional amendment defining marriage in fall of 2005. SJR 6 defines marriage as between one man and one woman. Texas voters adopted this amendment on November 8, 2005. Texas now joins 14 states that statutorily and constitutionally ban same-sex marriage. Significant research has been conducted on this topic from many perspectives. It is essential to understand the effect of same-sex relationships on the family system and the individuals within that system. It is very difficult for those in a same-sex relationship to cope with the stigma that society has placed on these relationships. Same-sex relationships have many of the same characteristics that heterosexual relationships possess. According to the research of Todosijevic, Rothblum, Solomon (2005) there are many factors contributing to the success of the same-sex relationship. Given the mixed results on demographic similarity and relationship satisfaction among same-sex couples, it is possible that couple similarity in level of outness may be more important for relationship satisfaction than couple similarity on demographic variables. For example, similarity on actual age (a demographic variable) may be less important than developmental stage in the coming out process (including level of disclosure to others). Couples who are discrepant on outness may have conflict around such issues as where to live (e.g., in an obvious gay neighborhood), whether to bring a partner to work-related social events, and how to introduce their partner to family members. Beals and Peplau (2001) found that discrepancy in openness among partners was not predictive of relationship satisfaction. In another study on this topic, Jordan and Deluty (2000) investigated the correlation between openness and relationship quality in 305 lesbians in committed relationships. Their results indicated that the degree of openness regarding sexual orientation was positively correlated with relationship satisfaction. They also concluded that discrepancy in openness in disclosure between partners was negatively correlated with relationship satisfaction. In addition, Jordan and Deluty (2000) discovered that negative affectivity (e.g., depression, anxiety, fear, anger, guilt, sadness, neuroticism) was not significantly correlated to relationship satisfaction. While, in a 45-year-long study of marital stability and marital satisfaction in 300 heterosexual couples, Kelly and Conely (1987) found that negative affectivity in both genders was negatively related to relationship satisfaction. This demonstrates the significance of same-sex relationships and how they appear much healthier than those of heterosexual partners. It is important that same-sex couples experience satisfaction in their relationships, but also find acceptance within the homosexual community. They experience a significant amount of distress from outside of the homosexual community. As a result they rely heavily on their peers to provide support. The gay lifestyle is a stressful lifestyle. In a study by Todosijevic, Rothblum, and Solomon (2005), gay couples reported experiencing a significant level of anxiety regarding contraction of HIV/AIDS. Further, gay and lesbian couples indicated facing stress from their families due to disapproval of the lifestyle such as â€Å"rejection, lack of support, and lack of understanding by the family due to their sexuality† (p. 165.) In their study of two hundred adolescents and early adult lesbians, Cantor and Neulinger (2000) reported that 47.5% of the interviewees disclosed having made some attempts at suicide at some point in their life. Thirty one percent of these lesbian adolescents and young adults who reported suicide attempts contributed it, at least partially, to their sexual orientation. Furthermore, in high school age males, 36% of the homosexual students surveyed reported having made a suicide attempt at some point in their life compared to 8.9% of their heterosexual counterparts (where is this information coming from?). Data such as this indicates the moral dilemma for the homosexual community, which creates unnecessary stress for homosexual individuals and their families. There are many milestones in life that homosexual individuals have a more difficult time achieving. Society paints a particular picture within which individuals are anticipated to fit snugly. Society expects homosexuals to conform to the norms that it has diligently created over the course of the history. A study was done recently that examined how the courts evaluate same-sex couples when they are attempting to adopt children (Connolly, 1998). The researchers found that the courts expect same-sex couples to conform as best possible to the traditional model of families. Since these couples are not allowed to marry, they are expected to demonstrate their commitment to each other in ways that heterosexual couples do not have to exhibit. Homosexual couples must realize that their demonstration of commitment must be more pronounced than heterosexual couples. They must also work to overcome their persuasion into the model in which the rest of society fits. As more and more same-sex couples are adopting or having children through artificial insemination, concerns regarding the integrity of family structure and developmental outcomes of children in these alternative families are brought to discussion. Golombok, et al. (2003) examined the quality of parent-child relationships, socioemotional and gender development in a community sample of lesbian parents with seven-year olds, and had a control group of heterosexual two-parent families. Demographics of both the lesbian and heterosexual families were similar. There were no statistically significant differences in mother-child relationships with regard to warmth toward child or emotional involvement. Family structure, not mothers sexual orientation, showed significant effects for overall parenting quality and enjoyment of motherhood. There were also no statistically significant differences in the frequency of conflicts with the child. Family structure, with single mothers, having more severe disputes (It seems like this sentence is missing something). Lesbian mothers also reported smacking their children less than heterosexual mothers. Lesbian mothers also engaged in more imaginative play with their children than heterosexual mothers, as single mothers did more often than heterosexual mothers. Fathers showed statistically significant higher levels of emotional involvement and frequency of smacking with their children than co-mothers. Socioemotional development showed no statistically significant difference in conduct problems, hyperactivity, emotional symptoms or positive social behavior as reported by mothers and teachers. The study also showed no differences in children’s behavior according to gender when comparing boys and girls in both heterosexual and lesbian families (Golombok, et al., 2003). Flaks, Ficher, Masterpasqua, Josephs (1995) compared lesbian couples with heterosexual parents and their children, ages three to nine. Their study found that sexual orientation of custodial parents is not a significant variable in successful development of the child and that there were no differences in children coming from divorced heterosexual or same-sex parent families. The purpose of their study was to address concerns of the courts when involved in custody cases. They showed no significant differences with parents sexual orientation or gender of child in outcomes of cognitive development or behavioral adjustment. The study did find that lesbian parents had more parenting awareness skills than heterosexual parents; this was statistically significant. This finding, with further statistical analysis, was shown to be related to gender, with mothers having better parenting skills than fathers. Wainright, Russell, Patterson (2004) examined family type heterosexual parents and same-sex parents, and outcomes in school, psychological adjustment and romantic relationships. Romantic relationships and sexual behavior was not associated with family type. The quality of the parent-child relationship determined better school adjustment. Anderssen, Amlie, Ytteroy (2002) reviewed twenty-three evidenced-based research studies from 1978 to 2000, assessing outcomes for children with lesbian or gay parents. Historically, the Scandanavian courts have not ruled against custody related to sexual orientation of the parent. However, evidenced based research regarding outcomes of children of same-sex parents is needed, since legal rights to adopt or become foster parents is not afforded to same-sex couples as they are to heterosexual couple. Emotional functioning was the outcome most often studied, followed by sexual preference, stigmatization, gender role behavior, behavioral adjustment, gender identity and cognitive functioning. No differences in emotional functioning were shown between same-sex (lesbian) parents and heterosexual parents. There were no differences in sexual preferences in offspring with parental sexual preference. Due to expressed negative attitudes which was received from outsiders, children of same-sex parents experienced stigmatization and teasing. The studies showed that few youngsters were teased no more than other children, and they developed stable relationships with peers as children of heterosexual parents (who said this?). There were no differences in gender role behavior, behavioral adjustment, and cognitive functioning. This significant research shows that the homosexual community faces difficult boundaries, restrictions, and stereotypes, but this community still manages to maintain relationships, raise their children, and live out daily life with less negative outcomes than heterosexual individuals. This leads into the Theory of Paradox with three stances on the subject of same-sex marriages showing negative and positive conclusions (question 6). Striving to protect the traditional family values, the concerned camp tends to be more conservative with their views on the family. The sanguine camp is more concerned with the welfare of the children, as well as the individual rights of people of all sexual orientations. The impatient camp seeks progress and respects all members of the community regardless of the concern for traditional family values. The concerned camp views same-sex marriage as an insult to the historical family unit and the foundations from which the family system was derived. The research indicates many stressors that are responsible for creating significant amount of anxiety, distress, and other negative reactions for those in the homosexual community. The research indicated that regardless of the homosexual lifestyle these individuals are still required to â€Å"conform† to traditional heterosexual family styles in order to adopt, regardless of the findings (This sentence is not clear. Regardless of what findings? Are there findings contrary to the outcome of court decisions on qualification of homosexual parents to adopt?). The teenagers living a homosexual lifestyle were also found to be more at risk for negative behaviors, including suicide. The concerned camp desires to see the traditional family unit remain intact for the welfare of all individuals, especially the children. The sanguine camp views recent family changes positively as indicators of the capacity of families to adapt to new environments rather than symptoms of decline. The sanguine camp concerns the positive results of these family changes for individuals, especially women. The sanguine argue that children have the capacity to overcome the emotional upheaval and long term consequences of divorce. The contenders of this view tend to focus on people who have thrived in the midst of family change. The sanguine camp believes marriage, commitment and nurturance to be unchanging core American values no matter what. According to the sanguine, the dramatic change in the last quarter century was not about family value but about norms and standards regarding appropriate or inappropriate behavior. For example, cohabitation before marriage has become common and one of four children is born outside of marriage but majority still want to be married. Regarding policy-making, the greatest concern for the sanguine camp is individual freedom. They want to keep the American core values and establish the institutional supports to help families through rapid changes. The impatient camp acknowledges the change and growth in the diversity of alternative families and their structure. Qualitative research is respected and much of the evidence regarding childrens behavioral and cognitive outcomes incorporates teacher responses along with parent responses. The research supports changes towards same-sex marriage and welcomes significant positive research findings to support their cause. This camp finds that families do face challenges, but ultimately have numerous opportunities to demonstrate their resilience through this alternative lifestyle (question 7). The families affected most by the failure to recognize same-sex marriages are those homosexual couples who have children. The family members of homosexual couples are also affected by the stereotypes that are involved with the homosexual lifestyle. Principle one addresses the question of if policies or programs set unrealistic expectations for families assuming financial and caregiving responsibilities of dependent, seriously ill or child with special needs. Principle two addresses family stability and explains that policies and programs should help maintain the stability of couples relationships, especially when children are involved (Bogenschneider, 2002). When looking at the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) from the perspective of a homosexual family, it does allow for incentives to marry in the state that recognizes homosexual marriages. With the current statue of DOMA, children may not have continued financial support from one of the parents if the homosexual parents separate (NCRF, 2004). Massachusetts legalization of same-sex marriage allows for the children of these families to have some financial security if their parents should divorce or if one of the parents were to die. The issue with the DOMA policy is that it does not allow for financial protection to non-biological children of same-sex relationships (Coolidge Duncan, 2001). Carlson (2004) found that DOMA actually protects the sanctity of heterosexual marriages by not allowing homosexuals to marry legally. The justification here is that homosexual relationships are sterile and that the children from these relationships will not have any kinship to, at a minimum, one of the parents and it could possibly be both of the parents. Carlson (2004) also found that marriage is an evolution in itself (questions 2-3). Question 4: Examine the Implementation of the Policy and Statute (p. 307) – how has the Department implemented this policy? How has subsequent legislation (if any) revised this policy? Note: This flows right into question 5 below. Question 5: Go to page 306 and answer question #1 (Family Impact Questions): Reviewing rules, legislation, and laws to point out how legislation does or does not address families’ needs. The goal of the previous research and the comprehension of the policy is to allow the policy holders to see the detrimental results that have occurred as a result of the failure to recognize same-sex marriages. Homosexual families are suffering as a result of the failure to acknowledge the relationships that are closest to them. Children, according to the research, are well adjusted and develop normally but they are not able to develop socially because of the limitations that are placed on them from being a part of a homosexual family system.. They encounter numerous roadblocks and challenges as a result. The systems that surround them are also aversely affected creating much distress for all individuals that come in contact with each member of the family. The homosexual partners also experience significant distress as a result of the failure of the state of Texas to recognize any union between two individuals of the same sex. These individuals fight uphill battles daily with the simplest household activities, such as medical care/insurance, monetary matters, and significant custody concerns if children are involved. The recognition of same-sex marriages would allow these homosexual families to experience more acceptance and give them the opportunity to continue with normal, daily activities without hindrance (question 8). The recognition of same-sex marriages would alleviate significant amounts of stress from those families who are a part of a homosexual partnership. The recognition of this partnership would allow for society to also recognize the partnership leading to a more accepted perspective. The children in these families, as demonstrated in the research results, remain near the average mark in development, but continue to have difficulty comprehending and accepting the lifestyle affecting their emotional and social developments. Texas can alleviate this stress for these individuals by recognizing these same-sex marriages and providing the same right to homosexual couples that is provided to heterosexual individuals. Providing this recognition will allow for all families in the state of Texas to have the same resources, rights, and privileges creating a stronger, more united state, community, and families. References Anderssen, N., Amlie, C., Ytteroy, E. (2002). Outcomes for children with lesbian or  gay parents. A review of studies from 1978-2000. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 43, 335-351. Bogenschneider, K. (2002). Family policy matters. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates:NJ. p.94-97. Brewer, P., Wilcox, C. (2005). The Polls—trends: Same-sex marriage and civil  unions. Public Opinion Quarterly, (69) 4, 599-616. Cantor, C., Neulinger, K. (2000). The epidemiology of suicide and attempted suicide among young Australians. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 34(3), 370-387. Connolly, C. (1998). The description of gay and lesbian families in second-parent adoption. Behavioral Sciences the Law: Special issue: Families and Courts, 16(2), 225-236. Flaks, D., Ficher, I., Masterpasqua, F., Joseph, G. (1995). Lesbians choosing  motherhood: A comparative study of lesbian and heterosexual parents and their children. Developmental Psychology, 31, 105-114. Golombok, S., Perry, B., Burston, A., Murray, C., Mooney-Somers, J., Stevens, M., et al. (2003). Children with lesbian parents: A community study. Developmental Psychology, 39, 20-33. Jordan, K., Deluty, R. (2000). Social support, coming out, and relationship  satisfaction in lesbian couples. Journal of Lesbian Studies, 4, 145–164. Kelly, E., Conely, J. (1987). Personality and compatibility: A prospective analysis of  marital stability and marital satisfaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 27–40. Lewis, R., Derlega, V., Berndt, A., Morris, L., Rose, S. (2001).An empirical analysis of  stressors for gay men and lesbians. Journal of Homosexuality, 42, 63–88. Meyer, I. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and  bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 674– 697. Pawelski, J., Perrin, E., Foy, J., Allen, C., Crawford, J., Del Monte, M., Kaufman, M., Klein, J., Smith, K., Springer, S., Tanner, J., Vickers, D., (2006). The Effects of marriage, civil union, and domestic partnership laws on the health and well-being of children. Pediatrics, (118)1, 349-364. Pope, S. (2004). The magisteriums arguments against same-sex marriage: An  ethical analysis and critique. Theological Studies , 65(3), 530-555. Todosijevic, J., Rothblum, E., Solomon, S. (2005). Relationship satisfaction,  affectivity, and gay-specific stressors in same-sex couples joined in civil unions. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 29, 158–166.

feminaw Rebirth of Edna Pontellier in Kate Chopins The Awakening :: Chopin Awakening Essays

Rebirth in The Awakening The time Edna spends in water is a suspension of space and time; this is her first attempt at realizing Robert's impermanence. In a strange way, Edna is taking her self as an object of meditation, where at the extremity of self absorption, she should be able to see through her own selflessness. "As she swam she seemed to be reaching for the unlimited in which to lose herself[emphasis added]" (Chopin 74). Edna has left her earthly existence on the shore and looked forward to a new existence, with the "unlimited", or nirvana as a tantalizing prize on the other shore. Her mistake lies in looking back. When Edna looked back toward the shore, she notices the people she left there. She also notices that she has not covered a great distance. Then a "quick vision of death smote her soul" (Chopin 74), a sense of death that reaffirms her selfhood and reminds her of her clinging to Robert. Her meditation is broken by the wavering of her mind to other objects and senses. Her struggle to regain the shore becomes a kind of near-death experience, at the end of which comes an utter physical exhaustion, a stretching of her self's physical boundary. Edna's intellectual self, the mind, another creation of ignorance, awakens as well. She begins to "feel like one who awakens gradually out of a dream, a delicious, grotesque, impossible dream, to feel again the realities pressing into her soul" (Chopin 78). As Edna's fortified ego emerges ashore, her attachment to Robert is strengthened. The intimate moment they share at the end of the chapter bespeaks an "acme of bliss," where "no multitude of words could have been more significant than those moments of silence, or more pregnant with the first-felt throbbings of desire" (Chopin 63, 77). After Edna's rebirth from the sea, her sense of self blossoms. She pulls away from the crowd and begins to do as she pleases. LÃ ©once Pontellier's stern command for her to come inside after the swim goes unheeded. Edna realizes that her will has "blazed up, stubborn and resistant." In Buddhist philosophy, the concept of the will is one of the five aggregate that forms the self. Edna's recognition of her will is a good indication that her ego is fully formed, and that in a sense she has moved farther away from achieving nirvana.

Nomination: HIV Education and Prevention

Each year there are several cases of AIDS/HIV cases are reported. This may simply shows that people are still ignorance about the disease and its consequences once a person is inflicted. Other instance of the continued dispersion of the disease is the unawareness of people regarding its prevention. According to some surveys conducted, significant numbers of people are dangerously ignorant about the virus, unawareness about the HIV amongst groups. One way of eliminating the sense of unawareness among people is through education. Significantly, one must always reminder that prevention is better than cure (Avert, 2007). What actions did the candidate take in addressing HIV/AIDS needs in the community? The candidate doesn’t ignore the alarming disease. She/he conducted a house-to-house visit in the X County to provide them education about the disease. In fact, the place was considered to be remote area and really needs to be provided with such actions. He/she   gave information to the people about the disease – HIV transmission and prevention. Besides, he/she also taught them about the practical prevention of the disease. She/he taught them on how to get and use condom, how to suggest and practice safe sex, how to prevent from the infection in a medical environment or injection of drugs. Moreover, she/he also shared the risks involved in an unsafe sex. Besides, she/he also gave leaflet about AIDS and made an advertising campaign regarding the dangerous – putting slogan. This is an example on non-targeted education. Meaning, for those who were not able to reach the program could be educated, at the same time, through this method. She/he knew that education regarding the disease must be disseminated through the entire community. However, considering some of the limitations, she/he couldn’t do the information dissemination between him/her and an individual throughout the entire community. However, before he conducted the program, he/she first know the attitudes or characteristics of the people and the community's culture. She/he considered the following points before visitation: age of the people to be educated, receptive degree of the groups, cultural issues, individual education or awareness, education attained by the people about HIV, literacy, others. From this, she/he could really identify which groups needed an intensive education and prevention program (Avert, 2007). She/he also taught them on the negative impacts of the discrimination towards people having the disease. 2. What achievements resulted from the candidate’s efforts? Because of his intensive information giving out about the disease and the effective method implemented, none of her clients has gotten infected with HIV considering the fact that they are a very high risk group. This simply means that the program really works. The people really understand about the disease, its risks and prevention. Also, the community is also very cooperative among its citizens. They also educate others who are ignorant about the disease. The education was not only distributed to the current residents but also it was distributed and disseminated to the next generation (Avert, 2007). 3. What else would you like the selection committee to know about this individual’s contribution to the HIV/AIDS effort in X County? I wanted to know on how she/he approached each individual. I also wanted to know what problems they encountered at the X County during the educational program and how do she/he resolved it. Reference Avert. (2007). HIV / AIDS Education . Retrieved November 17 , 2007, from Why HIV/AIDS education?: http://www.avert.org/aidseducation.htm ; ; ;

M Study Guide Best Books and Schedule

SAT II Biology E/M Study Guide Best Books and Schedule SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The SAT II Biology E/M Subject Test is a good choice for students looking at medicine or who want to show off their hard science skills. But what's the best way to study for the Biology E/M Subject Tests? What are good books and study schedules? Read this guide to find out! Note: I am not affiliated with any of the book publishers below. Neither I nor PrepScholar get paid for any sales of the books below, allowing us to provide the most neutral reviews. Who Should Take the SAT Subject Tests in Biology E/M? Taking a few SAT Subject Tests is mandatory for a number of selective colleges. Colleges use these tests to see which subjects you're especially strong in. For example, if the overall message of your application is that you want to be a future doctor, being strong in biology is a very important signal to send. The Biology E/M Subject Tests are also good for someone who is usually stronger in the humanities but wants to signal their strength in a science that's not too mathy. There are two Biology Subject Tests: Biology Ecological (Biology-E) or Biology Molecular (Biology-M). According to the College Board, Biology-E "leans more toward biological communities, populations, and energy flow" while Biology-M is "geared toward biochemistry, cellular structure and processes, such as respiration and photosynthesis." Both versions are 60 minutes long, include 80 multiple-choice questions, and are scored on a scale from 200 to 800. Sixty of the test questions are identical for both versions of the exam, and the last 20 are specialized to either E or M. No calculator is allowed. As for all SAT Subject Tests, you should only take a Biology Subject Test if you know you'll do well. If you're not sure how well you'll score, take and score a practice Biology Subject Test. If you get at least a 500, you're probably in a good place to score well with some additional practice. A low Subject Test score does reflect badly on you. It shows that the biology course you're taking in school may be too easy, and you can't compete in a standardized setting. In fact, I would go as far as to say don't take a Biology Subject Test test if you can't get at least 550: even a 550 is around the worst 20th percentile. Therefore, I will only focus on two groups of scorers in this guide: those scoring from 500-650, and those scoring from 650-750 (with a bonus section for those 750 or higher!) Biology E/M Tips for Everyone To maximize your score on Biology E/M Subject Tests, know that the best time to schedule your test is right around the end of your most difficult biology course in high school. For example, if you take biology in 11th grade, and your biology finals in May or June, seriously consider the June test date. You'll have maximized your bio knowledge at that time. If you take the test too early you won't have covered some items in your course, and if you take the test too late and you'll start to forget important biology info. Also it's great to time your test near your bio finals because you can double your efficiency in studying. If you're taking biology senior year, and you've already taken a year of biology, then you won't be able to take the Subject Test at the end of the class, since the end of your senior year will be too late for colleges to see your results. The latest you should take Subject Tests is the fall of your senior year, so you'll likely have to do some independent studying to make sure you know all the necessary information for the Biology Subject Test. The best study resources for the Biology Subject Tests are official practice tests. You can purchase the Official SAT Subject Test Study Guide in Biology for about $13, which includes two complete practice tests with answer keys. We recommend everyone taking the Subject Test take at least two or three practice tests. Advice for People Scoring 500-650 As I mentioned above, 550 is around 20th percentile, and 500 is 12th. Thus, if you find yourself still not being able to score higher than 550 on your last practice test, consider taking another subject very, very seriously. You'll want to put around 20 hours into studying. Some of this can be concurrent with your bio final in school (see above). One of the best books for scorers in this range is the Princeton Review SAT II Biology E / M guide. I have many issues with the Princeton Review general SAT books, but their SAT Biology E/M book is a very quick read and can be finished in 20 hours for sure. You'll want to take a few practice tests: three would be ideal. The first one is for calibration (to see what range you're in), so you don't need to waste an official practice Subject Test on that. The second one you can take the real SAT II Biology test released for free online by the College Board. The final one, save for a couple of days before the test to perfect your timing. But again, if your score on this final practice exam isn't above 550, don't take the real test. Advice For People Scoring 650-750 Okay, You're doing better on the SAT II biology - you're clearly in the range where the Biology E/M is a good choice to send to your college (although make sure it is at least 100 points above your average general SAT score). If you're scoring on the lower end of this range, or don't want to spend much time (maybe 15 hours or less) on the study, follow the same schedule and book as above. The people remaining should be those who really want to gun towards a perfect. For you folks, I strongly recommend Barron's SAT II Biology E / M guide in addition to going through the Princeton Review guide above. Barron's was my personal favorite book in high school. It's more difficult than needed, which means if you can ace Barron's, you can ace the actual test. If you're aiming for a large gain at the high end of this range, use the Princeton Review guide as a refresher. Much of it will cover items that you know already, but there will be surprising holes it will fill. Their tests can be inaccurate for some of the more difficult problems, but you can "burn" these tests for your initial test and for some extra practice. At the 8-10 hour mark, move on to Barron's. Are You Putting in a Lot of Study Time But Not Improving? Many of the above books focus on quick summaries of biology in just a few hours. Unlike the general SAT or ACT, SAT Subject Tests are less about strategy, and actually quite a bit about knowing the content. For advancing your content understanding, there is a silver bullet, but it may be a tough bullet to swallow: Campbell Biology. This beast takes hundreds of hours to read completely, but it is known as the bible in AP Biology. Fully understanding this book qualifies you to be among the top 20 bio students in the US. It's not for the faint of heart, but if you have just a few holes to fill, this book will definitely do it. Last Notes: Scoring Above 750? Taking AP Bio? If you're scoring above a 750, know that the final few points are usually due to careless mistakes. I would use Campbell Biology to brush up on the few last topics you don't understand, and then work on avoiding careless mistakes. Don't stress over the difference between a 780 and a 800 - I know colleges don't. If you're taking AP Bio, know that the AP test is much harder than the SAT Subject Test - in the sense a 5 on the AP test means more than a near-800 on the SAT II. You may choose to take the SAT Subject Test if your AP score won't be out in time to include with your applications. In this case, study a bit ahead of the rest of the class - you get to use it on the Subject Test and it'll be useful later on! If your AP score is out in time, then the Subject Test is likely redundant - only take if you need to "burn" an SAT Subject Test requirement for college. Good luck! What's Next? Thinking about taking other SAT Subject Tests? Check out our guide to the easiest SAT Subject Tests out there! Still not sure whether you should take the Biology Subject Test? Check out this expert advice on which Subject Tests you should take based on your goals and interests. If you're taking the SAT 2 Biology- Molecular test, you'll need to be on top of your cell biology facts. Brush up on enzymes, cell theory, how the cell membrane and endoplasmic reticulum function, and the photosynthesis equation. For either test, you'll also want to know the difference between homologous and analogous structures. Choosing your subject tests also depends on your prospective colleges' requirement. Check out this guide to see the full list of schools that require SAT Subject Tests. Considering going to medical school after college? Read our guide to preparing for pre-med in high school and our list of the books you'll want to read as a pre-med student. Need a little extra help prepping for your Subject Tests? We have the industry's leading SAT Subject Test prep programs (for all non-language Subject Tests). Built by Harvard grads and SAT Subject Test full or 99th %ile scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so that you get the most effective prep possible. Learn more about our Subject Test products below:

DBQ US HISTORY

DBQ US HISTORY US History Colonial Wethersfield, Connecticut Throughout the history of the American colonies, there have been signs of the beginnings of democracy. Many towns adopted policies that were different from others, and so some towns became more democratic than others. When looking at colonial Wethersfield, Connecticut, the colony made changes between the 1750's and the 1780's in reference to property distribution, social structure, politics, and religion. Starting with the Fundamental Elements of Connecticut, the town made several changes that ultimately led down the road to democracy.One of the areas in which the town made changes was in their politics. Rules began to be set that determined how to settle and govern a town. According to Document F, a town had to have 70 families living there with a minister, and school teacher, and then they would be able to send deputies to the General Assembly. The town would then have the power to pass their owns laws, as long as they didn't go against rulings of the assembly.Wethersfield, ConnecticutThis allowed them some freedom to govern themselves after they had met the criteria. Another major change that caused an increase in democracy was the number of men who could vote. As seen in Document G, the number of men voting and being elected to town offices went up. More people were having a say in the town affairs through voting. If more people are being elected and more people are being able to vote, then the town is taking a large step towards democracy. Another part of life in Colonial Wethersfield moved toward democracy dealt with the people being elected to major town offices. In the 1750's, most of the people that were elected were the men that held the most land in the town. This meant that most of...

The Education of a WASP essays

The Education of a WASP essays The idea that racism is a thing of the past is a hard concept to document, from either side of the argument. Today in America there is more opportunity, and more freedom to move from one social class to another than there ever has been. However, just as there is a "glass ceiling" in some career paths that have been traditionally dominated by white males, there also exists evidence in our country that racism is still a problem, and must be addressed in positive, proactive terms in order to create true equality. How we measure and define equality, if there is such a thing, will be the most difficult aspect to developing a strategy to eliminate Written in the mid 1960's, the racial picture in the country was significantly different at that time. While 1963 brought court mandated end to the Separate - but - Equal treatment of black Americans, the attitudes and social prejudices which remained in tact created a significant glass ceiling, and glass walls, fences, and barriers which black Americans were not allowed to cross. In Lois Stalvey's book, she lived in narrow, white anglo saxon protestant neighborhoods for the first years of her marriage. Her life has been cut out of a magazine, which described the typical American family with a couple kids, a father who worked and a mom who enjoyed staying home. However, after becoming aware of some of the prejudices on their Omaha, Nebraska home town, they chose to become active about the racism they saw, and moved to resist its injustices. They developed and nurtured friendships with persons whose racial identity and culture differed from their own. Eventually, their behavior caused a demotion and transfer for Mr. Stalvey. When they resettled, they sought housing that allowed them to live in a neighborhood of varied races and cultures. They sent their children to a school where they were a minority race. Overall, the S...

Social performance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Social performance - Essay Example IT infrastructure in health care institutions is also available. Health care facilities, institutions for aging and social challenges, as well as in home solutions for health care technology applications all are available through this multi-capacity ICT based company. ICT can be viewed as a type if IT, thus IT companies has been used for comparison. Apple is a large company that has IT solutions that come in the form of the development of devices and equipment. Apple has a comprehensive code of ethics which includes fair trade issues, supplier responsibility, fair labor, audits around the world, and methods for corrective measures (Apple, 2013). An independent IT consultant, in contrast, has an ethic code that includes information on the rights of his clients and how he will conduct himself in relationship to the work he has been contracted to perform (Camden, 2008). While Apple must address international manufacturing and trade, an independent consultant must be far more concerned with the immediate needs of the individual client relationship. Semprus Bio (2013) is a company concerned with medical IT solutions. The company has similar ethics as most companies but have recently created additions to their ethics codes which include prohibiting entertaining clients in order to gain their business as this can be seen as a form of bribery. Semprus Bio (2013) also has a program to provide items at no cost to the clients that are intended for educational purposes. Some of the issues that this company will need to address in an ethics program is off-sight behaviors, customer relations, and safety concerns during installation. Other ethical considerations that are specific to ICT include cyber theft issues, confidentiality, and customer interrelations. A code of ethics should address how workers will be treated and how they will treat one another. Any legal issues that can

Identify Problems and Solutions Bulling in Schools Essay

Identify Problems and Solutions Bulling in Schools - Essay Example This essay approves that the effects of bullying can be both short and long-term, with some psychological scars often enduring for years (Lumsden, 2002). Pre-school children, not yet able to properly voice their concerns, will display symptoms that can be attributed as the effects of being bullied. These symptoms can include refusing to go to school, refusal to discuss how the day went and feigning illness. Crying for no apparent reason and reluctance to go certain places are also common effects. Between the ages of seven and sixteen years old, the symptoms and effects of bullying become easy to identify. While children this age are perfectly able to articulate themselves, sometimes they can decide to not to, because they are shamed, scared or fear further punishment. The huge fear and inner soreness that bullying causes can sporadically activate a violent and sudden outburst in sufferers when they get to their ‘hot point’ and just cannot take the agony any more. The suf ferer may get dejected, depressed, and suicidal or even murderous. This report makes a conclusion that research has also shown that students are reluctant to bring their concerns to the attention of teachers. In effort to combat this, a more organized approach needs to be taken among teachers when handling school bullying. If there is not a current approach to bullying existing in a school, teachers will continue to have varying responses to handling bullying situations, based on their self-efficacy, intent, and empathy toward the victim. Teacher assessments need be given, and programs need to be developed to enhance teacher self-efficacy and knowledge about bullying.

Twenty Years at Hull House Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Twenty Years at Hull House - Essay Example The changes brought about in the living of thousands of people and the education and training that was provided in the Hull House which served as a centre for social work is also explained. The book serves to analyze the social injustices that are prevalent in our surroundings. It presents the conditions in which the immigrants of different countries had to live in the United States. It presents the silence of the government on these issues which are left for the people to deal with themselves. The necessity of proper education, proper health and environment are emphasized in this book. The importance of proper social gatherings and training of social skills is also embedded in this book. Jane Addams worked towards achieving a goal for the improvement of the living of many people and presenting many important concepts of health and the steps that needed to be taken by the government to curb such issues. Hull House was a place which was open for all and did not have any religious affiliation. It served as an important centre for the social gatherings and social development of individuals. With time, the Hull House matured and the services improved and it attained a cent ral position in the American society. It worked for the purpose of solving important matters of the society which included the laws against child labor and laws for improving the working conditions of the laborers. The period when the Hull House came into existence was a time when the American society was becoming industrialized and harsh labor laws were a part of the society. A very important event that Addams presents in the book assists in totally understanding the conditions of those times is: Our very first Christmas at Hull-House, when we as yet knew nothing of child labor, a number of little girls refused the candy which was offered them as part of the Christmas good cheer, saying simply that they â€Å"worked in a candy factory and could

Wayward Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Wayward - Essay Example Due to the circumstances of the shooting such that Bobbie was shooting over his shoulder as he ran, the killing of the victim occurred as manslaughter. Under the proximate causation, Sam committed a felon murder as it is due to his dangerous act of firing at Bobbie that Bobbie returned fire killing the victim. Additionally, had Sam not shot at Bobbie, no killing could have resulted. Under intervening cause, the unanticipated turn of event that Bobbie would return fire led to the death of the victim thus validating the cause. Had Sam shot at Bobbie killing him, the bystander would not have been killed, hence, the intervening causation is a valid stance. Finally, under the agency theory, although dealing and buying make both Sam and Bobby criminals for handling cocaine and possessing firearms, they were not co-felons thus the agency theory does not hold grounds. If Sam and Bobbie were co-felons in the sense of having the same goals and objectives in the commission of the felony, the death of the victim would be covered under the agency

The common law and equity systems of jurisprudence Essay

The common law and equity systems of jurisprudence - Essay Example The other contribution of equity law was supplementation of common law with such concepts as injunctive relief, the trust and specific performance. The Chancellor implemented the policy of the Statute of Laborers and made decisions concerning occupational competency like negligent activity of carriers, builders, shepherds, etc. The inability of the common law to address damages due to faulty work resulted in the Chancellor’s competence in the issues of loss of wool, dead lambs, and damaged sheep. (Reilly) The majority of suits reviewed in equity court were disputes over land property involving family members. The case was initiated by the plaintiff who filed a bill of complaint which is a petition to the chancellor or an equity court. The answer followed from the defendant. The plaintiff continued with a replication while the defender answered with a rejoinder. This pleading process might continue further or may be finished a bill filing stage. In the equity court the main evidence was not an oral testimony but a written deposition based on interrogatories. (Wikipedia) The Chancellor performed the roles of both a judge and jury. So he had the right to decide cases without a jury. Unlike the common law, the Chancellor as a judge and often as a religious person relied on circumstances of cases and his conscience but not to a set of rules. Term "equitable claim" contains broad moral sense based upon general equitable considerations rather than a strict meaning of the claim involving consideration of principles of right and justice. (Equity)

Marketing Research MKT2210 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Marketing Research MKT2210 - Essay Example The fashion designers took that step to head off just the kind of formal restrictions called for the doctor's group. So now the real debate can begin. We've been following this story closely as it unfolded over the past six months because the issues are big-certainly for anyone involved in fashion, including photographers, but also perhaps for the wider creative community. It started when a Brazilian model died following a drastic diet; fashion organizations in Spain, England, and Italy began reacting to a public and political outcry against the trend toward super-skinny (or "size-zero") models. The guidelines released today by the Academy for Eating Disorders would prevent any girl younger than 16 from modeling. Models from 16 to 18 years old would have to have a body mass index (B.M.I.) of greater that 17.4; those older than 18 would have to have a body mass index of 18.5. For instance, a 5-foot-nine model over 18 could weight no less than 126 pounds. Many fashion designers say such a guideline would be too restrictive. The recommendations of the fashion designers are .far more vague. The group's call for better education of models and designers had nothing of the specifics of the B.M.I. scale. There are very good reasons for looking into this issue, and those reasons relate to health-the health of the models working in the fashion industry, and the health of the millions of young girls around the globe who view fashion models as role models. The industry needs to look very carefully at the issue and work with medical groups to come up with actions that don't simply mask the problem. This must be done so that other groups don't dictate the terms of the discussion. The broader issue here is one of creative freedom. I'm not in favor of medical groups telling fashion designers whom they may hire, or telling photographers how someone should look in a picture. And just wait until some ambitious politician latches onto this issue to score easy points with voters. Fashion, frivolous by nature, is an easy target. The industry also has a bad reputation when it comes to policing bad behavior. As the New York Times points out today, Kate Moss, caught using drugs, was dropped from several ad campaigns, only to be rehired a few months later. But there are plenty of inconsistencies on the other side as well. Television shows feature plenty of skinny actresses who are probably also role models to millions of impressionable girls. (Anyone seen Grey's Anatomy There's not much of it to speak of.) Should television producers also be required to adhere to medical guidelines when hiring actresses And what about all the overweight men (and chunky kids) featured on sitcoms and television ads They might also be bad role models for a nation that is suffering from an obesity epidemic. Does some medical group want to step up to the plate and issue guidelines stating that you can't be too old or fat to appear on television or in pictures -David Schonauer Article 2 "Negative" Sizing: The Size Zero Debate There is a "growing" trend happening in fashion right now and no it has nothing to do with hem lengths, lip color or fabric style. According to Women's Wear Daily the infamous size zero demographic is no longer limited to the silver screen or the catwalk; in fact these women walk among us every day. And their numbers are swelling (pun intended)! But how many of us know anyone with a waist smaller than 23 inches or a bust that is no larger than 31 inches

Wayward Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Wayward - Essay Example Due to the circumstances of the shooting such that Bobbie was shooting over his shoulder as he ran, the killing of the victim occurred as manslaughter. Under the proximate causation, Sam committed a felon murder as it is due to his dangerous act of firing at Bobbie that Bobbie returned fire killing the victim. Additionally, had Sam not shot at Bobbie, no killing could have resulted. Under intervening cause, the unanticipated turn of event that Bobbie would return fire led to the death of the victim thus validating the cause. Had Sam shot at Bobbie killing him, the bystander would not have been killed, hence, the intervening causation is a valid stance. Finally, under the agency theory, although dealing and buying make both Sam and Bobby criminals for handling cocaine and possessing firearms, they were not co-felons thus the agency theory does not hold grounds. If Sam and Bobbie were co-felons in the sense of having the same goals and objectives in the commission of the felony, the death of the victim would be covered under the agency

Marketing Research MKT2210 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Marketing Research MKT2210 - Essay Example The fashion designers took that step to head off just the kind of formal restrictions called for the doctor's group. So now the real debate can begin. We've been following this story closely as it unfolded over the past six months because the issues are big-certainly for anyone involved in fashion, including photographers, but also perhaps for the wider creative community. It started when a Brazilian model died following a drastic diet; fashion organizations in Spain, England, and Italy began reacting to a public and political outcry against the trend toward super-skinny (or "size-zero") models. The guidelines released today by the Academy for Eating Disorders would prevent any girl younger than 16 from modeling. Models from 16 to 18 years old would have to have a body mass index (B.M.I.) of greater that 17.4; those older than 18 would have to have a body mass index of 18.5. For instance, a 5-foot-nine model over 18 could weight no less than 126 pounds. Many fashion designers say such a guideline would be too restrictive. The recommendations of the fashion designers are .far more vague. The group's call for better education of models and designers had nothing of the specifics of the B.M.I. scale. There are very good reasons for looking into this issue, and those reasons relate to health-the health of the models working in the fashion industry, and the health of the millions of young girls around the globe who view fashion models as role models. The industry needs to look very carefully at the issue and work with medical groups to come up with actions that don't simply mask the problem. This must be done so that other groups don't dictate the terms of the discussion. The broader issue here is one of creative freedom. I'm not in favor of medical groups telling fashion designers whom they may hire, or telling photographers how someone should look in a picture. And just wait until some ambitious politician latches onto this issue to score easy points with voters. Fashion, frivolous by nature, is an easy target. The industry also has a bad reputation when it comes to policing bad behavior. As the New York Times points out today, Kate Moss, caught using drugs, was dropped from several ad campaigns, only to be rehired a few months later. But there are plenty of inconsistencies on the other side as well. Television shows feature plenty of skinny actresses who are probably also role models to millions of impressionable girls. (Anyone seen Grey's Anatomy There's not much of it to speak of.) Should television producers also be required to adhere to medical guidelines when hiring actresses And what about all the overweight men (and chunky kids) featured on sitcoms and television ads They might also be bad role models for a nation that is suffering from an obesity epidemic. Does some medical group want to step up to the plate and issue guidelines stating that you can't be too old or fat to appear on television or in pictures -David Schonauer Article 2 "Negative" Sizing: The Size Zero Debate There is a "growing" trend happening in fashion right now and no it has nothing to do with hem lengths, lip color or fabric style. According to Women's Wear Daily the infamous size zero demographic is no longer limited to the silver screen or the catwalk; in fact these women walk among us every day. And their numbers are swelling (pun intended)! But how many of us know anyone with a waist smaller than 23 inches or a bust that is no larger than 31 inches

Louisiana vs. Kennedy Essay Example for Free

Louisiana vs. Kennedy Essay Louisiana vs. Kennedy was a petition to the case that involved a death penalty that was imposed to a 42 year man who had raped his stepdaughter. The petition took place on June 2008. It was a punishment that was sentenced to him by the Louisiana court for having been convicted of committing the crime. In accordance to the law, the murders are supposed to be sentenced to death but for the past three decades, only two cases that did not involve murder were registered one for Patrick Kennedy and another one. He was sentenced to death penalty by the Louisiana court on 22nd May 2007 in a case No 05-KA-1981 Louisiana vs. Kennedy. In 2008, Patrick Kennedy decided to challenge the decision by the Supreme Court that was reached in 2007 citing that the sentence was a violation of the 8th constitutional amendment which stated that depending on the rarity of the case, death penalty may not be imposed. Was it in order for the supreme court of America to sentence to death a step father who raped his 8 year old stepdaughter? This is what this research paper will discuss about. Patrick Kennedy was sentenced to death after he was convicted by the Supreme Court to have raped his step daughter who was less than twelve years old. Initially the girl had refuted the claim that he was raped by his step father but after further investigations were done, the girl changed her story and said that it was her step father who raped her and told her to say it was the two boys that were her neighbors. It was established that the victim was assaulted for three times but the last time involved sexual intercourse. Even blood stains that Patrick had tried to clean were seen in her â€Å"After police were called to investigate the rape of the girl on March 2, 1998, Kennedys stepdaughter initially told them that two neighborhood boys had raped her after dragging her from her garage to a side yard. Police, however, found evidence of blood in her bedroom that Kennedy apparently had tried to clean up. The stepdaughter testified later that Kennedy had raped her and urged her to relate a false account. † (The Supreme Court in the Kennedy case, O7. 373. PDF) Ever since the death penalty was reinstated in US about 30 years ago, justices have been looking for ways to revoke the death penalty on child rapists which according to them was unconstitutionally imposed on Patrick Kennedy. According to the Death Penalty Information Center, (2008) of about 3,350 inmates in the death row because of murder, only two cases were different and they involved rape. Patrick Kennedy could not understand which statutes were used to sentence him. In his argument, it was a violation of the 8th amendment of the constitution. In another rape case, Coker vs. Georgia, the offender was accused of raping a 16 year old lady but on this case, the Supreme Court ruled that this case was not punishable by death because the victim was more than twelve years old. In the light of the above ruling, it was asked if the stepfather who raped his stepdaughter but did not kill her was bound by the constitution to be sentenced to death. (Hamilton, 2008) According to the Louisiana state, committing such a crime was equal to killing and the only appropriate sentence was death penalty. The majority of the United States had not passed the law but five of them namely Montana, Texas, Oklahoma, Louisiana and South Carolina had already passed it and were in use for example, it was the one that was used in Louisiana to sentence Patrick to death. Though these laws existed in books, they were limited to persons who were in the past convicted of committing crime of assaulting a minor but this only applied to the four states with the exception of Louisiana. The other states were contemplating to extend the death penalty to child rapists. According to the statistics given by the Death Penalty Information Center, death sentence has been on the decline in America for the past years. â€Å"The number of executions has dropped steadily since, hitting a 10 year low of 53 in 2006. † (Lithwick, 2008) According to a survey that was done by Gallop in 2006 concerning the preference between death penalty and life without parole, it was established that more people prefer life sentence to death sentence but this was due to a number of factors for example, some people were sentenced to death judging them on their race. Despite this, majority advocated for murders to be sentenced to death. The decision to review the decision to impose death penalty on child rapists was due to Patrick Kennedy’s case and the pressure that was amounted by the National Association of Social Workers, the Louisiana Foundation against Sexual Assault, and the Texas Association Against sexual assault as well as the National Alliance to end Sexual Violence. These organizations pressurized the supreme court of America to review its ruling on the case. In Patrick’s petition, it was stated that Patrick, â€Å"is the only person in the United States who is on death row for a non-homicide offense. He has been sentenced to die for the crime of rape, an offense for which no person has been executed in this country for over forty years since Missouri executed Ronald Wolfe in 1964. † (Denniston, 2008) The arguments that were put forward by these organizations were that death penalty for child rapists worsen the problem in that many cases of sexual abuse went unreported. Secondly, they argued that no child molester would leave his victim alive to avoid being reported therefore this acted as an incentive to kill victims. The third argument was that those statutes subjected the raped child to many trials and appeals thereby keeping those memories a fresh instead of them being repressed. (Death Penalty Information Center, 2008) It is for these reasons and the appeal that was made by Patrick that led to the reviewing of the ruling by the Supreme Court on 16th April, 2008 in a case between Louisiana and Kennedy. (Hamilton, 2008) It is in this case that it was ruled that the decision to execute Patrick Kennedy for raping his stepdaughter was a contravention to the 8th constitutional amendment that bans death penalty on rare and cruel cases. The majority’s argument was that the penalty should be reserved for the few offenders who are most egregious. (Linda G. , 2008) According to Justice Anthony Kennedy, death penalty was to be imposed on murders. He also differentiated between the first degree murder which is also referred to as intentional murder and the non homicide crime such as rape. He said that the later was more devastating in terms of moral depravity but he said that murder cases due to their nature, severity and irrevocability could not be compared with non homicide. The dissenting judges led by Samuel Alito objected to this observation arguing that, â€Å"The harm that is caused to the victims and the society at large by worst child rapists is grave. †(Biskupic, 2008) In justifying its decision, the state of Louisiana in its briefs argued that raping a child under twelve years is not different from other crimes because its results are devastating and lasts for a life time but in his argument, Justice Kennedy argued that the Supreme court’s decision to nullify Patrick’s case was reached objectively by the judges and this was backed by the fact that many American states were not in agreement with the statute and that was why they had not passed it. (Richey W. 2008) In response to the conclusion reached by Justice Kennedy, Justice Samuel objected to this arguing that many judges and lawyers misinterpreted the 1977’s Coker’s decision on capital punishment. They understood that death sentence should not be applied on any rape cases but that was not the case because in that case the victim was married and had assumed the status of an adult thus she was no longer a minor. He noted that due to this reason, the state’s legislatures have not understood the societal standards in terms of decency. â€Å"Evolving standards of decency must embrace and express respect for the dignity of the person and the punishment of criminals must conform to that rule. † (The Supreme Court in the Kennedy case, O7. 373. PDF) According to the Supreme Court’s statutes, rape is said to be committed where anal sex or virginal sexual intercourse is done without the consent of the victim and if the victim is less than twelve years, lack of knowledge of her age is no defense. If convicted of having committed aggravated rape, punishment should be life imprisonment without parole, suspended sentence or probation but the offender could be punished by death if the District Attorney seeks for capital verdict. In the light of the above, Patrick Kennedy’s case was a rare occurrence and thus he did not deserve the death sentence but deserved life sentence without parole. (Biskupic, News Washington 2008). The decision to reject death penalty was greatly opposed by the conservative judges. Even the two presidential candidates were opposed to the move though no one had been executed since 1964. Justice Kennedy argued that of all the 3300 people on the death row, only two were there for the reasons apart from murder. Justice Samuel questioned this majority logic that murders are more morally depraved than child rapists. â€Å"I have little doubts that the eyes of ordinary Americans, the very worst child rapists-predators who seek out and inflict serous physical and emotional injury or defenseless young children are the epitome of moral depravity. † (Barnes, 2008) In conclusion of this research paper, it is okay to say that the decision by the Louisiana’s Supreme Court to execute Patrick Kennedy for raping his step daughter was harsh and was a contravention to the 8th amendment. Of all the inmates in the death row, only two inmates whose cases were not murder. Patrick’s case was one of those rare cases that were addressed in that amendment. The appeal acted as an opportunity to interpret law as it is this was because according to Justice Samuel, most legislatures misunderstood the decision that was made on Coker’s case and assumed that he meant that death penalty should not be applied on rape cases. References. The Supreme Court in the Kennedy case. Accessed at http://www. supremecourtus. gov/opinions/07pdf/07-343. pdf Linda G. 26th June, 2008. Supreme Court Rejects Death Penalty for Child Rape. Available at http://www. nytimes. com/2008/06/26/washington/26scotuscnd. html? _r=2hpor ef=sloginoref=slogin Scotus Blog. June 25th, 2008Commentary: Death penalty options narrow. http://www. scotusblog. com/wp/commentary-death-penalty-options- narrow/#more-7553 Barnes R. June 26, 2008. High Court Rejects Death For Child Rape Penalty Reserved for Murder And Crimes Against State. Available at

Isolation of Caffeine From Tea

Isolation of Caffeine From Tea   James Maitland Xanthines are purine alkaloids synthesised in plants such as coffee, tea, and cacao, with the most known xanthine being caffeine, theobromine and theophylline. Their production is limited in the aforementioned plant species compared to other plant alkaloids such as morphine, nicotine and strychnine, which are widely expressed across the plant kingdom. Caffeine is the worlds most consumed psychoactive drug, with approximately 74% of it used as beverages, 25% utilised for pharmaceutical formulations and the remainder for other purposes.3 It is chemically known as 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine, with a complex purine-based structure, chemically associated to adenine and guanine found in DNA and RNA Caffeines also found in human tissues as well as various organisms. It is appreciated for its role in stimulating the CNS, kidneys, bronchial smooth muscle and relaxing the cardiac muscle.2,3 As a therapeutic, caffeine is administered as a powdered form, but the psychoactive substance found in tea leaves constitutes 2-5% caffeine per weight. Caffeine is used to treat apnea of prematurity, fatigue, in analgesic preparations with aspirin and paracetamol, and in various other roles including night duties (promoting alerting effect by antagonising adenosine A1 and A2A receptors in the brain), and in sports as a performance-enhancer. Because of the prerequisites for its usage in beverages and its significant potential in the pharmaceutical industry, caffeine has been isolated primarily from coffee. However, the increasing demand for naturally derived caffeine for consumption necessitates additional other sources, for its extraction.4 Contrastive to its utilisation and because it is unregulated, there has been increasing concerns pertaining its connection to adverse side-effects on human physiology regarding its high consumptions by some, which is linked with tachycardia, arrhythmia, muscle tremors, headache, coma, or fatality.4,2,3 As such, alternative forms of beverages have been decaffeinated (e.g., green tea) to eliminate the described potential side-effects and the demand for alternative forms of beverages goes hand in hand with increasing environmental-friendly techniques used to decaffeinate the crude product. This article, therefore, looks at the water extracting method for the isolation of methylxanthines and using thin-layer-chromatography and IR spectroscopy to characterise individual methylxanthines, as well as discussing their Rf values, the use of caffeine in cold and flu remedies, and a brief look into the caffeine market. MATERIALS AND METHODS Preparation of Tea solution 200ml of water was placed into a beaker and the solution was allowed to boil using a Bunsen burner. Tea (10.3052g) was then added into the solution and boiled for approximately 15 minutes. The beaker was then removed from the heat and 50ml sulphuric acid was then added to the hot solution and shake to ensure no emulsion occurs. The solution was later allowed to cool at room temperature and then filtered using Buchner system. Extraction of Caffeine 20ml of 10% sulphuric acid was added to the filtrate and stirred. Sulphuric acid converts the tannins to their salts, therefore, making them insoluble in chloroform, though soluble in water. The solution was then extracted by 3 successive washes of 50ml chloroform using a separating funnel, collecting the organic layer for each consecutive wash. The mixture of the solution was frequently shaken with occasional venting to prevent pressure buildup. The extracts were collected and dried by adding the catalyst anhydrous sodium sulphate for 10-15mins, removing all the water, leaving behind a fine powder. Isolation of The Caffeine Remove the sodium sulphate by filtration using the Buchner system. The chloroform was then evaporated by the use of a rotary evaporator, leaving behind the methylxanthine crystals. The weight of caffeine was then measured and the yield calculated. Thin Layer Chromatography TLC was conducted at room temperature and was used to verify the presence of caffeine by obtaining the methylxanthines, which was re-dissolved in 2ml of chloroform, 1ml of which was examined under TLC along with reference solutions and mother liquor. The UV-absorbing methylxanthines absorb UV light and so fluoresce agent (dichloromethane) in the stationary phase was used for visualisation in the UV254nm. On the TLC plate (Silica gel GF254; Dimension: 5cm x 20cm), a 1cm line was drawn above the base of one end of the plate. Capillary micropipette to place a spot of the reference solution (Caffeine, theobromine, theophylline, and mother liquor) along the line drawn on the plate and labelled as appropriate to reduce confusion with the other samples, which were also labelled as appropriate. This step was repeated using different micropipettes for each sample, creating spots at about 1cm from each other. The TLC plate was then placed upright in the TLC chamber contacting the developing solvent (Chloroform: Acetone: N-Butanol: 30% Ammonia, at 30:30:40:10 ratio) at a level below 0.5cm (the origin) and sealed with using a watch glass. The solvent was allowed to migrate along the TLC plate so it reaches at least 1cm from the top and once the solvent had evaporated, the plate subsequently visualised under UV light as most organic compounds are colourless in the naked eye, facilitated by the fa ct that the TLC plate contains chemical additives that fluorescent under UV-light. Infra-Red Spectroscopy The remaining methylxanthine solution of caffeine obtained was used to produce an IR spectrum to deduce the functional groups in the compound. The measured spectral range was between 600 4000 cm. The sample was placed on a sampling window and spectral data collected using a spectrum software (PerkinElmer Spectrum Express version 1.02.00, UK).10 Table 1: Weight of crude caffeine Caffeine 0.1606g Percentage yield = Mass of crude caffeine / mass of tea bags x 100% = 0.1606g / 10g ÃÆ'- 100% = 1.606% Table 2: Distance travelled by the standard solutions and Methylxanthines (mm) C TB TP ML Sample 36 24 18 Spot 1= 34 Spot 2= 26 Spot 3= 16 34 Note: C=caffeine, TB = Theobromine, TP = Theophylline, ML = Mother Liquor, S = Sample Rf value= Distance travelled by the compound (mm) Distance travelled by the solvent (mm) Caffeine = 36mm/38mm = 0.95 Theobromine =24mm/38mm = 0.63 Theophylline =18mm/38mm = 0.47 Mother Liquor spot 1= 34mm/38mm = 0.89 ML spot 2 = 26mm/38mm = 0.68 ML spot 3 = 15mm/38mm = 0.39 S= 34mm/38mm = 0.89 Table 3: Rf values of the standard solutions and Methylxanthines (mm) C TB TP ML Sample 0.95 0.63 0.47 Spot 1= 0.89 Spot 2= 0.68 Spot 3= 0.42 0.89 Note: C=caffeine, TB = Theobromine, TP = Theophylline, ML = Mother Liquor, S = Sample Figure 1: IR spectra of the caffeine. Peak 3000 cm-1 represents amides and amines, and peaks between the regions 1700 -1600cm-1 indicates the presence of alkene in caffeine. A and B shows the carboxyl groups C=O bands of carbon-2 and 6 in region 1700-1659 cm-1. Figure 2: IR spectrum of the standard. The peak around 3000 is due to amides and amines. Peaks 1700-1600 is alkene in the caffeine molecule The structure of caffeine (Figure 3) is a function of how it behaves and interacts with other molecules and defines its properties such as solubility (e.g., due to the presence of nitrogen atoms), boiling point, as well as the melting point. The tertiary purine-based caffeine constitutes an amine, amide and alkene function group, all containing lone pairs of electrons on the nitrogen atom. The achiral molecule is polar in nature due to the electronegativity difference between carbon-oxygen and carbon-nitrogen covalent bonds due to dipole-dipole interactions, London dispersion forces, and hydrogen bonding once in water. The higher melting point of this molecule is as a result of these strong intermolecular forces and would necessitate high energy to break the associated bonds.1,2 Figure 3: Structures of caffeine, theophylline and theobromine Figure 3 indicates that the methylxanthines share similar structures (purine ring), but the slight molecular difference in structure results in the differences in properties. The difference in structure is based on the positioning of the methyl groups. Caffeine has three methyl group in carbon-1, 3 and 7; theobromine has two methyl groups on carbon-3 and 7; and theophylline has two methyl group on carbon-1 and 3, and is deficit of methyl group at position 7 and so has only a proton that can be donated, the same for theobromine having a proton on carbon-1, making them a weakly amphoteric compared to caffeine (a base compound).2       The TLC result shows the distance travelled by caffeine, theobromine and theophylline were 0.95, 0.63 and 0.47mm, respectively (Table 2). This implies that caffeine is more of a solvent compared to theobromine and theophylline. Mother Liquor contains three substances as shown by spot 1 to spot 3 in Table 3, with spot 1, 2 and 3 having Rf values of 0.89, 0.68 and 0.42, respectively. This means that spot 1 and caffeine are more attracted to the mobile phase, interacting less with the polar adsorbent (thats interaction with the silanol group of the silica gel, with the most prevailing interactive force being dipole-dipole) as the compound is less polar, restricted to form hydrogen bonds by its three methyl groups (these contain electrophilic sites and the compound possess electrophilic and nucleophilic function groups, but caffeine is not a proton donor so less polar to adsorb) and so having large Rf values, consequently spent less time travelling towards the solvent front as it is more soluble in the mobile phase. Theoretically, compounds that are less polar characteristically dissolve in the solvent, thus migrate faster, and that the silanol group of the silica surface is highly polarised and is capable of forming dipole-dipole and hydrogen bonds. The more polar compounds such as theophylline (spot 3) strongly binds to the silanol group of the adsorbent or the stationary phase as theyre both capable of hydrogen bonding (theophylline is more of a proton donor thus has more electronegative substituents than for example, caffeine, so binds tightly to the stationary phase), and so moved slower than both spot 1 and 2, but also spends more time closer the origin, held by the resistive force of the sorbent.5,28 Spot 1 is likely to be containing samples of caffeine as they travel almost the same distance. Spot 2 is likely to contain samples of theobromine and spot 3 contains samples of theophylline as they have almost similar Rf values. IR spectroscopy was employed to e lucidate the types of the functional groups in an unknown sample. The results from the IR (Figure 1) shows the presence of a compound indicated by the energy speaks. The spectrometer produced a graph based on the measurements of the photon within 600 4000 cm-1 frequencies. Comparison between the IR spectrum of the standard solution (Figure 2) and that of Figure 1 confirms the likeliness in functional groups shared between these solutions. Figure 1 indicates photon energy peak visible at 3000 cm-1, representing amides and aliphatic amines6, and peaks between the regions 1700 -1600cm-1 are due to the presence of alkene in caffeine molecule9. A and B specifies the carboxyl groups (C=O) of carbon-2 and carbond-6 in region 1700-1659 cm-1, indicating the most intense bands.17 Opinion on the use of caffeine in cold and flu remedies The effects of caffeine vary around the body and are dependent on the dose limit (400mg), at which beyond this parameter will elicit a range of physiological effects including muscle tremors, stomach upset, urinary incompetence, and a possible death. Below this dose limit, however, its effect is less detrimental to health.11 Due to it being readily available in foodstuffs and medicines, some may not be aware of the imposing dangers of caffeine, coupled with the fact that the FDA and the European guidelines consider caffeine not being a nutrient, but a natural ingredient found in beverages and so does not require identification in labelling of caffeinated product unless theres added caffeine in the product.12 This makes it a daunting task for those tracking their caffeine intake especially those that are more vulnerable to its side-effects. Caffeine is issued both as a prescription and as an OTC medication treating various conditions from lethargy to being used as an adjuvant in analgesic, as well as in flu or cold remedies.12 Flu causes rhinorrhea, resulting in loss of fluid, which is counter to sustaining the bodys fluid balance needed for healthy wellbeing. The elderly are the most at risk if not hydrated and the problem exacerbates with the consumption of diuretic substances including any of the methylxanthines.14 A literature review by R. J. Maughan and colleague of caffeine ingestion and its effects on fluid balance assessed various age groups (adults) and the elderly of both sexes. Robertson et al. (1978) reported that R. J. Maughan and colleague administered a single dose of caffeine (250mg) and a placebo to the subjects and urine was accumulated for 3hrs. The result produced an increase in urine output from 366  ± 30 mL (mean  ± SD) on the placebo trial to 469  ± 43 mL on the caffeine trial, accompanied b y an increase in urinary sodium excretion. However, in the same report by Robertson et al., other studies indicated that the diuretic effect of small doses of caffeine had minimal effects, which may be in the same dose range in these flue/cold remedies. It was also reported that long-term caffeine users are not susceptible to this diuretic effect and may not lose water via urine output14, but those that are may be disposed to electrolyte abnormalities (e.g., natriuresis) to kidney dysfunction. The mechanism in which caffeine induces diuresis is not yet clear, but it is believed that the compound acts as a phosphodiesterases inhibitor in the kidneys, along with its antagonistic effect on adenosine receptors.15 Another complication that may arise using caffeine remedies is the possibility of drug-drug interactions such as in the case of taking tizanidine (muscle relaxant), causing low blood pressure and dizziness16, or its inhibitory effect on the antipsychotic medications clozapine and olanzapine, metabolised by CYP1A2. Caffeine may also pose as a competitive inhibitor of CYP1A2 if metabolised at a slower rate compared to an administered drug, thus minimising the drugs plasma concentration with the likelihood of toxicity.20 The compounding benefits of caffeine, when consumed within physiological limits, cannot be contested. Studies have shown that the groups most at risk of caffeine overdose are young people/children and adolescents due to the lack of awareness and incorrect social perception regarding the benefits versus harmful effects.17 It was reported by the American National Poison Data System that 6,309 cases related to caffeine overdose. A recent article by the telegraph newspaper reported that some students came close to fatality upon accidentally overdosing on caffeine (consumed 30000mg) and were placed on dialysis to remove the intoxication from the kidneys.19 So, in support of it still being a legal stimulant, not only does the benefits outweighs the adverse effects, the compounds plasma half-life is approximately 5hrs. This fast pharmacokinetics or elimination via urinary excretion entails that its concentration in the blood will always be regulated, adverse side-effects occurring or at lea st decrease its effects.20 Due to caffeine being readily available, there are no age limits for their purchase and are not costly either as beverages. The FDA and EMA must assume responsibilities in engaging and communicating with the most at-risk groups, using public education campaign, and firmly addressing the potential risks of overdosing, especially when using multiple caffeine products in combination, and also labelling of such products, indicating the caffeine concentration, as well as targeting the medium used by these at-risk groups such as social media, the internet, and television. The European legislation, however, has taken the incentive in labelling beverages containing caffeine equal to or over 150mg caffeine per litre, affirming in their statement, High caffeine content. Not recommended for children or pregnant or breastfeeding women.17 Additionally, self-monitoring of caffeine concentration by providing device similar to those used by diabetic patients may assist with staying within physiologi cal limits, but also restricting accessibility (age-dependent) might just be one way to control the likelihood of abuse. As a commodity, caffeine can be obtained in various forms for many applications (cosmetics, medical, etc.) and there is always a huge demand, which are popular amongst young people, particularly with the emergence of caffeine-fuelled energy drinks that are used to mix alcohols in social venues.21 Compared with other drugs, the Global Drug Survey 2014 (Figure 4) reported that caffeinated energy drinks were the fourth most drug bought (45.9% prevalence use) after alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis. This illustrates caffeines importance both at physiological level, and as a big earner for the industrys major players in global caffeine market (Pfizer, Boehringer Ingelheim, CSPC Pharma, BASF, and Cocam) as it is consumed by 90% of the worlds population.24,25 One of the drivers of the industry is the production of coffee, which is forecasted to produce 156.6 million bags in 2016/17, and global consumption to be 153.3 million bags.26 This points out the growing demand for caffeinated products, predominantly in traditional markets including Canada, EU, USA, Japan, Norway and Switzerland, but also in emerging markets; Turkey, Algeria, Russia.27 Figure 4: Prevalence of top 20 drug use. Caffeinated drinks was among the most drugs bought in the year 2014.21 It is concluded by the study that the amount of caffeine extracted in tea was almost consistent with the theoretical constituents per weight, 2-5%. This research yields 0.1606g (1.606% ) from 10kg of tea bag and so was impossible to recover 100% of caffeine, greatly impacted by the fact that the reaction was never at completion, not all the caffeine was extracted through the funnel separation, loss of product may have occurred due to emulsions, discrepancies with the instruments due to factors affecting calibration, and steaming during brewing affects the mass of the extracted caffeine. One way to improve the percentage yield may be to explore different organic solvents. Although caffeine has numerous health benefits within physiological optima, it is also detrimental and causes death if these limits are breached. As such, healthcare authorities, as well as the caffeine industry must put in place measures so it is better regulated, and may mean being transparent about the health benefits/risk factors, and spread this awareness in all media used by their target users, especially young people as this is the group that are less aware of the risks. References   Ã‚   Caffeine: The Molecule. [2017 Feb 9]. Available from: http://caffeinethemolecule.weebly.com/physical-properties.html Preedy V.R, editor. Caffeine Chemistry, Analysis, Function and Effect. UK: The Royal Society of Chemistry; 2012, p.3 -6,44 Vuong Q.V, Roach P.D. Caffeine in Green Tea: Its Removal and Isolation.[2017 Feb 16]. Available from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15422119.2013.771127 Vuong Q.V, Bowyer M.C, and Roach P.D. L-Theanine: properties, synthesis and isolation from tea. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2011; 91: 1931-1939 Analyzing a Mixture by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). [2017 Feb 17]. Available from: http://cactus.dixie.edu/smblack/chemlabs/analyzing_a_mixture_by_thin_layer_chromatography.pdf Gunasekarana S, Sankarib G, Ponnusam S. Vibrational spectral investigation on xanthine and its derivatives-theophylline, caffeine and theobromine. Spectrochimica Acta Part A. 2005 Caffeine. [2017 Feb 16]. Available from: https://tinyurl.com/hsbppmn Al-Hitti IK, Ibrahim SS. EXTRACTION, IDENTIFICATION AND DETERMINATION OF CAFFEINE AND TRACE METALS IN THREE TYPES OF TEA LEAVES. J. of al-anbar university for pure science. 2009 Sing BM et al., Determination of caffeine content in coffee using Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy in combination with attenuated total reflectance technique: a bioanalytical chemistry experiment for biochemists. Biochemical Education. 1998 Palo M et al., Quantification of caffeine and loperamide in printed formulations by infrared spectroscopy. JDDST. 2016 Behind the hype: Caffeine. [2017 Feb 12]. Available from: http://nutritionandactivity.govt.nz/sites/default/files/2%202%20NPA161%20Behind%20the%20Hype-Caffeine_5.pdf Why isnt the amount of caffeine a product contains required on a food label?. [cited 2017 Feb 12]. Available from: http://www.fda.gov/aboutfda/transparency/basics/ucm194317.htm Caffeine and Your Body.[Cited 2017 Feb 13]. Available from: https://www.ctclearinghouse.org/Topics/Customer-Files/Caffeine_And_Your_Body_052113.pdf Maughan RJ, Griffin J. Caffeine ingestion and fluid balance: a review. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2003 Dec;16(6):411-20. Zhang Y et al., Caffeine and diuresis during rest and exercise: A meta-analysis. J Sci Med Sport. 2015; 18(5): 569-574 25 Most Severe Caffeine and Drug Interactions. [2017 Feb 14]. Available from: http://www.caffeineinformer.com/caffeine-drug-interactions Caballero B, Finglas PM, Toldra F, editors. Encyclopedia Of Food And Health. Oxford: Elsevier; 2016 S. Jain, et al., Caffeine addiction: Need for awareness and research and regulatory measures. Asian J Psychiatry. 2017 Bodkin H. Students left fighting for lives after taking enough caffeine for 300 cups of coffee in botched university experiment. Telegraph. 2017 Jan 25 Caffeine: An Evaluation of the Safety Database. In: Gupta RC, editor Nutraceuticals: Efficacy, Safety and Toxicity. London: Elsevier Science Publishing Co Inc;216. P421,430. Caffeine. Technology, Products, Market, Manufacturing. [2017 Feb 10]. http://www.primaryinfo.com/industry/caffeine.htm The Global Drug Survey 2014 findings. Dr Adam R Winstock. Global Drug Survey. [2017 Feb 10]. https://www.globaldrugsurvey.com/past-findings/the-global-drug-survey-2014-findings/ Caffeine Drug Interactions. Anna Duggett. Drugsdb. [2017 Feb 10]. http://www.drugsdb.com/cib/caffeine/caffeine-drug-interactions/ Global Caffeine Market Forecast and Analysis 2016-2021. Radiant Insights. [2017 Feb 11]. https://www.radiantinsights.com/research/global-caffeine-market-forecast-and-analysis-2016-2021 Caffeine Market 2016 Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share. GlobalInfoResearch.[cited 2017 Feb 10]. Available from: https://www.wiseguyreports.com/reports/637714-global-caffeine-market-by-forecast-to-2021 Coffee: World Markets and Trade. Foreign Agricultural Service/USDA Office of Global Analysis.[cited 2017 Feb 10]. Available from: https://apps.fas.usda.gov/psdonline/circulars/coffee.pdf An industry study: The Coffee Industry. Mairin M. OConnor. [2017 Feb 10]. Available from: http://www.slideshare.net/MairinOConnor/coffee-industry-analysis Thin Layer Chromatography. Industrial Economics.[2017 Feb 16]. Available from: https://yvesrubin.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/tlc.pdf